Indoor Air Quality for Commercial Spaces

According to the World Green Building Council, enhancing IAQ can boost productivity by 8-11%¹ and reduce respiratory-related health issues by up to 4.5%². These statistics underline the significant impact that IAQ has on both health and efficiency.

Indoor air quality can be defined as the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of air within a building and how it impacts the occupants’ physical and psychological health, comfort, and productivity³. While IAQ is often defined in terms of these characteristics, the topic is much broader. Businesses, governments and even individuals have a strong incentive to invest in improving IAQ due to the significant impact it has.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significance of IAQ across all levels of society, from individuals and educational institutions to local and national governments, as well as international organizations and decision-makers, highlighting its important role for human health, well-being, productivity, and learning¹. Given this, it is imperative that government, commercial and residential property owners, managers, and tenants prioritise maintaining high indoor air quality. This responsibility not only protects people but also yields substantial long-term benefits. Let’s delve deeper into why IAQ should be a top priority.

Indoor air (IA) consists of the air we breathe, which is a mixture of outdoor air, and chemicals and biologicals released from both human and non-human sources. Humans co-exhale volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO₂), particulate matter (PM), and microbes, while non-human sources like combustion products and indoor furnishings, emit VOCs and PM. Contaminated sources like carpets, moldy walls, etc.  release microbes. Outdoor air, brought in through natural ventilation, can either worsen or improve the IAQ.

Indoor air consists of the air we breathe, which is a mixture of outdoor air, and chemicals and biologicals released from both human and non-human sources. Humans co-exhale VOCs, CO₂, PM, and microbes, while non-human sources like combustion products and indoor furnishings, emit VOCs and PM. Contaminated sources like carpets, moldy walls, etc release microbes. Outdoor air, brought in through natural ventilation, can either worsen or improve the IAQ.

Click on the tab below to interactively explore the factors influencing indoor air quality, their interconnections, and how they extend into related areas

Indoor pollution sources: Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

CO2 is a naturally occurring trace gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, currently present at approximately 426 parts per million (ppm). It is produced through several natural (respiration, decomposition, volcanic activity, ocean-atmosphere exchange) and human activities (respiration, combustion and industrial processes). Human activities have increased the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide levels by 50% in less than 200 years, making the current CO₂ concentration (426ppm) ~152% of what it was in 1750 (280ppm)

However, in occupied indoor spaces with good air exchange, CO₂ levels usually remain below 800 ppm. Levels above this threshold often indicate poor indoor air quality (IAQ). Certain appliances, products and manufacturing processes, can contribute to elevated CO₂ levels. Daily, we inhale a “toxic soup” of particulate matter (PM, VOCs ) and CO₂, not only from these sources like gas fired appliances, forklifts and other vehicles, incense sticks, burning candles, air fresheners, and diffusers. These products are often used to mask unpleasant odours, which may be perceived as poor indoor air quality.

A recent study conducted by Seeley International’s microbiology department, examined levels of CO₂ and particulate matter concentrations (0.3µm and 2.5µm) in an active industrial manufacturing canteen. The study was carried out independently, first using standard reverse cycle air conditioning and then using a high-flow ventilation indirect direct evaporative cooling unit.

The results were remarkable, demonstrating a significant reduction in particulate matter and CO₂ concentrations when fresh air ventilation was introduced. The graphs below illustrate that the reverse cycle system (indicated in blue) had much higher levels of particulate matter and CO₂ concentration compared to using the high-ventilation Climate Wizard Indirect Direct Evaporative cooler (indicated in orange)

Working canteen environment particle count & CO₂ logging studies

Reverse Cycle (Standard Air Conditioning) VS Climate Wizard CW-6S (IDEC)

Comparison & Concentration – Summer Testing

To better understand the significance of the above graphs, it’s essential to explore particulate matter (PM) and its crucial role in respiratory health.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air ⁴. These particles vary in size and composition, including dust, dirt, soot, and smoke. PM is typically categorised by particle size: PM10 (particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less) and PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less). The finer PM2.5 particles are particularly concerning because they can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream.

Exposure to particulate matter has significant health implications. Short-term exposure can cause respiratory problems, exacerbate asthma, and lead to cardiovascular issues such as heart attacks and strokes. Long-term exposure is associated with chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and reduced lung function⁵. PM exposure is especially dangerous for vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with preexisting health conditions.

Research has shown that particulate matter can trigger inflammatory responses in the body, contributing to a range of systemic health problems. For instance, fine particles can cause oxidative stress and inflammation, adversely affecting the cardiovascular system. Additionally, there is growing evidence linking PM exposure to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm birth⁶.

Addressing the health impacts of particulate matter requires a multifaceted approach. This includes reducing emissions from industrial sources, motor vehicles, and power plants, as well as promoting cleaner technologies and enforcing stricter outdoor and indoor air quality regulations. Public awareness and individual actions could all have a positive impact in achieving and maintaining healthy indoor air quality.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are another critical aspect of indoor air quality that, like particulate matter (PM), have significant implications for respiratory health and overall well-being. VOCs are a group of organic chemicals that easily evaporate into the air at room temperature. They are emitted by a wide range of products, including paints, varnishes, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials, furnishings, and even some personal care products like perfumes and hairsprays. Common VOCs include formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene.

When found in high concentrations indoors. These compounds can contribute to a range of short-term and long-term health problems. Short-term exposure to elevated levels of VOCs can cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, eye, nose, and throat irritation, and even nausea. Long-term exposure has been associated with more serious conditions, including liver and kidney damage, central nervous system damage, and an increased risk of cancer.

Poor ventilation can exacerbate the accumulation of VOCs, leading to unhealthy indoor air quality. Occupied spaces with inadequate air exchange can trap these compounds, causing them to build up to potentially hazardous levels. Ensuring good air exchanges and using products such as Climate Wizard, for indoor spaces, will help to dilute and remove VOCs.

Exposure to pollutants such as VOCs, PM, and CO₂ can lead to a wide range of health effects, with the duration of exposure—short-term versus long-term—playing a crucial role. While short-term exposure may cause acute symptoms such as headaches, it’s important to recognise that even brief, low-concentration exposure can potentially lead to severe respiratory, cardiovascular, and other health complications over time.

The combined effects of ambient air pollution and household air pollution are associated with approximately 6.7 million premature deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)⁷.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has also been linked to adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to dysfunction rather than physical injury. These pollutants can contribute to neurological issues, highlighting the importance of managing indoor air quality to protect overall health.

The table below showing actual numbers and associated health risks⁸

Statistical summary of mortality analysis for all causes: % attributable to long term PM2.5 exposures – major cities and all locations.

Mortality analysis for various causes: % attributable to long term PM2.5 exposures – major cities b

The relation of Ventilation and IAQ in commercial spaces

Polluted indoor air in commercial spaces must be displaced, diluted or filtered by fresh air, and the only way to achieve this is through proper ventilation or using portable air purification devices which might not be energy efficient. Various ventilation methods exist, both natural and mechanical, that can be employed to ensure adequate air exchange.

Ventilation rates are mandated by various standards and regulations worldwide, typically measured in air changes per hour (ACH) or in cubic feet per minute (CFM) per person. These standards vary depending on the type of building, occupancy, and local climate. However, having these standards are great, but more needs to be done. Better defined standards with improved guidelines, alignment of criteria, regulatory endorsement and enforcement needs propriety as this is a shortcoming with many of today’s standards and regulations as pointed out by REHVA.⁹

Here’s an overview of some of the key ventilation standards globally.

1. ASHRAE (United States)

• • Standard 62.1 (Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality) ¹⁰
    • For most commercial buildings, ASHRAE 62.1 recommends a minimum ventilation rate of 20 CFM per person for office spaces.
    • Residential ventilation is covered under ASHRAE 62.2, which prescribes rates based on square footage and the number of occupants, with a typical rate of 0.35 air changes per hour or a minimum of 15 CFM per person.

2. European Standards

• • EN 16798-1 (formerly EN 13779) (Europe) ¹¹
    • For office buildings, this standard recommends ventilation rates of 20-40 m³/h per person, depending on the desired indoor air quality level.
    • The standard also sets different classes for air quality, with more stringent ventilation rates for higher air quality demands.

3. National Construction Code (Australia)

• • AS 1668.2 (The use of ventilation and air conditioning in buildings) ¹²
    • Offices typically require a minimum of 10 L/s per person (about 21.2 CFM per person).
    • The standard emphasises natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or a combination of to achieve the required ventilation rates.

4. Building Regulations (United Kingdom)

• • Approved Document F (Ventilation) ¹³
    • In offices, the minimum ventilation rate is 10 L/s per person (approximately 21.2 CFM per person).
    • For residential spaces, a general requirement is around 0.5 air changes per hour, with specific requirements for different room types.

5. Chinese Standard

• • GB 50736-2012 (China) Code for Design of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) ¹⁴
    • Office spaces require a minimum ventilation rate of 30 m³/h per person.
    • The code also includes specific requirements based on the type of space and its usage.

6. Singapore Standards

• • SS 553 (Code of Practice for Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings) ¹⁵
    • Requires 10 L/s per person (around 21.2 CFM) for office spaces.
    • Emphasises the need for proper maintenance to ensure that the ventilation system operates effectively.

7. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

• • ISO 17772-1:2017 (Energy performance of buildings) ¹⁶
    • Provides guidelines for ventilation rates to maintain acceptable indoor air quality, aligned with EN standards, typically recommending 20-40 m³/h per person.

Key Considerations

• Climate: Ventilation requirements can vary based on climate, with colder regions sometimes allowing for lower ventilation rates due to energy considerations.
• Building Type: Different buildings (e.g., offices, schools, healthcare facilities) have varying requirements based on occupancy and usage patterns.
• Local Regulations: Always refer to local building codes and standards, as they may override international standards in some cases.

These standards and regulations are continually updated and so it’s essential to consult the latest versions or local authorities for the most accurate and applicable information.

Given the above information, the table below also provides a snapshot of ventilation rates set out by Lancet for the COVID-19 Commission Task Force for minimum ventilation rates for different spaces such as, Schools, Work and Travel environments showcasing the importance and benefits of good ventilation.

Seeley International has also collected the latest Covid-19 containment guidelines from most important independent associations, to explore requirements and suggestions for more information on this can be found on Seeley International News articles ¹⁸.

There is no doubt that ventilation is key to quality indoor air as it diminishes particulate matter, VOC’s and CO₂ however how does this translate into occupant comfort? For Indoor Air Quality to be widely accepted and adopted, one needs to make sure that occupant comfort comes into play. For this reason, one needs to look into comfort cooling and heating as a critical aspect of indoor climate control that extends beyond just regulating temperature and humidity, it also involves managing air velocity.

The movement of air within a space plays a significant role in how occupants perceive comfort and indoor air quality. According to ASHRAE’s research, introducing a certain level of air velocity can expand the comfort zone on the psychrometric chart. This means that by optimising air movement, it’s possible to maintain comfort at a wider range of temperatures and humidity levels, potentially reducing energy consumption without compromising on comfort. Exploring the relationship between air velocity and thermal comfort offers intriguing opportunities to enhance HVAC system designs and improve overall indoor environmental quality.

What do your employees REALLY want?

Investment in IAQ shows employees or tenants that you prioritise their wellbeing. This should be considered highly amongst other “wellness” benefits that are more visible, like onsite gyms or fruit bowls, etc.

Workplace wellness study found³

• More than two-thirds of employees said that a workplace that supported and enhanced their health and wellbeing would encourage them to accept a job offer (67%) – or to stay at their current job (69%).
• Temperature and air quality matter 4x more to employees than having gym facilities.

Retention translates into tangible ROI, with turnover costs associated with recruiting, training, lowered productivity and lost expertise estimated to cost approx. 20% of that employees annual salary.

What can businesses, government and individuals do to monitor IAQ Indoor Air Quality.

Businesses, retail spaces, industrial facilities, and residential owners can take several steps to monitor and incentivise indoor air quality (IAQ), ensuring healthier environments for occupants while also enhancing productivity and well-being.

1. Implement Regular Monitoring Systems:

• • IAQ Sensors: Install advanced sensors that continuously monitor key pollutants like CO₂, PM2.5, VOCs, and humidity levels. These sensors can provide real-time data, enabling quick responses to any IAQ issues.
  • Air Quality Audits: Conduct regular audits to assess the overall IAQ and identify any potential sources of contamination. This can involve professional assessments or periodic checks using portable devices.

2. Utilise Smart Building Management Systems:

• • Integrated HVAC Controls: Use smart building management systems that adjust ventilation, temperature, and humidity based on real-time IAQ data. These systems can automatically increase ventilation rates when pollutant levels rise.
  • Data Analytics: Leverage data analytics to track IAQ trends over time and predict potential problems before they occur. This proactive approach helps in maintaining optimal air quality.

3. Incentivise IAQ Improvements:

• • Certification Programs: Pursue certifications such as WELL Building Standard, NABERS, LEED, or BREEAM, which include IAQ as a key criterion. Achieving these certifications can enhance property value and appeal to health-conscious tenants.
  • Employee and Tenant Education: Educate employees, tenants, and residents about the importance of IAQ and encourage behaviors that promote cleaner air, such as reducing the use of VOC-emitting products and ensuring proper ventilation.
  • Health and Productivity Initiatives: Tie IAQ improvements to health and productivity initiatives, such as wellness programs or green building incentives, to motivate stakeholders to prioritise air quality.

4. Promote and Use IAQ-Enhancing Technologies:

• • Air Purifiers and Filters: Invest in high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and air purifiers that can remove fine particles and pollutants from the air. These devices can be particularly effective in spaces with higher pollution levels.
  • Green Building Materials: Use low-VOC paints, adhesives, and other building materials to minimise indoor air pollution. Encourage the use of such materials in construction and renovation projects.

5. Engage in Preventive Maintenance:

• • HVAC System Maintenance: Regularly service HVAC systems to ensure they are functioning efficiently and not contributing to indoor pollution. This includes cleaning ducts, replacing filters, and checking for leaks.
  • Ventilation System Checks: Ensure that ventilation systems are operating correctly, with fresh air intake balanced with exhaust, to prevent the buildup of indoor pollutants.

6. Leverage Government and Industry Support:

• • Subsidies and Grants: Take advantage of government subsidies and grants for IAQ improvement projects. Many regions offer financial incentives for upgrading HVAC systems or installing IAQ monitoring equipment.
  • Industry Best Practices: Stay informed about industry best practices and guidelines from organisations like ASHRAE and WHO, and implement recommended strategies to maintain high IAQ standards.

By implementing these strategies, businesses and property owners can not only ensure a healthier indoor environment but also benefit from increased occupant satisfaction, improved productivity, and potentially lower healthcare costs related to poor IAQ.

Future plans and building performance tools are essential for long term sustainability and chance.

More importantly, IAQ should be at the forefront when building projects are developed helping to include the above points before construction begins. Adopting various building performance ratings and accreditation standards aid in guiding and measuring the performance of buildings from efficiency, health, wellbeing, performance, sustainability perspectives.

Seeley International plays a significant role in supporting high-efficiency standards and building certifications. Its Climate Wizard technology is integral to many applications, particularly in enhancing building certification efforts. Before diving into the specifics of this innovative technology, it’s important to understand its impact on achieving these certifications.

WELL Building Standards lead a global movement focused on transforming health and well-being with a people-first approach to buildings, organisations, and communities. These standards provide a comprehensive roadmap for creating and certifying spaces that prioritise human health and well-being.

Let’s explore three unique buildings in Adelaide, Australia, which have achieved WELL certification by meeting and exceeding these stringent requirements.